Higher Taxes That Promote Development

Gurney Breckenfeld

[Reprinted from Fortune, 8 August, 1983]


A venerable but controversial reform idea in real estate taxation -- taxing land much more heavily than buildings -- is undergoing a portentous test in Pennsylvania. Five cities have increased their tax rates on land to as much as five times those on structures, a striking contrast with the customary 1-to-1 ratio. The results so far are promising enough to raise hope that more localities will use similar antidotes for the economic poison hidden in conventional property taxation.

The Pennsylvania phenomenon bears witness to a durable condition in democracies: the slow contagion of good ideas. The five cities -- Pittsburgh, Scranton, Harrisburg, McKeesport, and New Castle-are engaged in the largest U.S. effort yet to take advantage of a proposition advanced 104 years ago by Henry George, the Philadelphia-born economist and land reformer (see box, page 70). Analyzing why the greatly increasing wealth spawned by the Industrial Revolution had failed to eradicate poverty, George argued that the main reason was undertaxation of land, which enabled landowners to pocket vast unearned income at the expense of both capital and labor. He won a legion of ardent followers by proposing that governments raise their entire revenues by increasing taxes on land and abolishing all other taxes.

Now that federal, state, and local governments consume around 40% of GNP, as corn-pared with about 8% at the turn of the century, George's single tax is plainly unfeasible. But the conviction has been spreading among economists and urban experts that a diluted form of George's medicine could help spur the redevelopment of ailing cities and minimize suburban sprawl. As these modern Georgists view things, boosting the levies on land while cutting them on structures would discourage land speculation, promote job-creating investment in new factories and offices, and encourage proper upkeep of buildings in aging neighborhoods.

The economic rationale behind loading the tax burden on landowners is that most of the profits they reap -- in the form of rising values for their holdings -- are pure windfalls that result from the economic activity around them. Taxing away those windfalls doesn't penalize initiative because landowners didn't do anything to earn them in the first place. On the other band, taxing investments in buildings and factories does discourage productive endeavor and impedes economic growth.

IN OTHER WORDS, the Georgist formula is a sort of supply-side approach to real estate taxation. By taxing land heavily and buildings lightly, it would press landowners to develop their properties to the fullest. Taxes on bare land and dilapidated buildings would in theory be nearly as high as the ones on the new office building next door, making it much more costly for speculators to keep property off the market. The scheme even has something for homeowners. Since their houses generally are worth a great deal more than the land under them, shifting more of the tax burden to land values would reduce their total property-tax bills.

The impact of higher land taxes-now dubbed incentive taxation by supporters-has varied somewhat in each Pennsylvania city that has adopted them. Higher land taxes have enabled some cities to balance strained budgets without soaking homeowners or increasing local income taxes (which are common and arguably too high already in several Pennsylvania communities). In some cases, higher land taxes have been accompanied by small reductions in taxes on structures.

It is no happenstance that Georgist tax ideas are gaining popularity in Pennsylvania. There, more than in other states, those ideas have historic roots and have been kept alive, though sometimes just barely, by a band of organized and dedicated advocates. One particularly effective campaigner is Steven Cord, a peppery professor of history at Indiana University of Pennsylvania who has become the state's self-appointed Johnny Appleseed of higher land taxes. At numerous meetings with city councils and local officials, he helped persuade Pittsburgh, McKeesport, and New Castle to change their tax systems. Cord spends more than half his spare time editing a Georgist newsletter, Incentive Taxation, and appearing before officials in cities contemplating higher taxes on land as a tonic for flagging economies. Some, including York, Erie, and Allentown, are considering the change. Today, says Cord, the land-tax idea "has moved out of the hands of aficionados and into the mainstream of local politics" in western Pennsylvania.

Two leaders of the Georgist movement in Pittsburgh are Dan Sullivan, western regional director of the Incentive Tax League of Pennsylvania, and Democratic Congressman William J. Coyne. Sullivan has made several studies of the financial impact of higher land taxes on property owners, and speaks at meetings of Pittsburgh neighborhood and business groups to spread the incentive-tax doctrine. Such efforts are crucial. Few people, even among public officials and real estate executives, understand the nature of the tax and its economic ripples. Coyne, who as a member of Pittsburgh's city council played a pivotal role in persuading the city to raise taxes on land sharply in 1979 and 1980, notes that ignorance hasn't prevented the system from working. "I believe we are onto something exciting," he says. "I do not want to claim too much for it, but we may discover that our form of property-tax modernization is a hidden treasure-like finding gold in our own backyard."

PITTSBURGH AND SCRANTON have been enjoying at least a few nuggets for nearly 70 years. In 1913 Pennsylvania passed a split-rate tax law at the behest of a bipartisan civic reform movement in Pittsburgh that required the two cities to phase in a tax rate on land double the rate on buildings. Along with companion legislation adopted in 1911, the split-tax law ended a notorious tax rip-off in Pittsburgh. Land classified "urban" was assessed at 100% of market value, while land classified "rural" was assessed at two-thirds of market value and land classified "agricultural" was half its real worth. The arrangement enabled wealthy owners of large estates to keep most of the city's idle acreage off the market, creating an artificial shortage of land and inflating rents for workers and business alike. Reflecting a durable consensus view, David L. Lawrence, long Pittsburgh's mayor and later governor of Pennsylvania, said of the split-rate tax: "There is no doubt that the tax law has been a good thing for Pittsburgh. It has discouraged holding vacant land for speculation and provides an incentive for building improvements."

Still, that 2-to-1 ratio was only a timid dose of George's prescription that all real estate taxes be levied against the value of the land. Moreover, the state's split-tax law applies only to the city share of real estate taxes. School districts and counties continue to tax land and buildings at a 1-to-1 rate. The impact of the split-tax law has become increasingly diluted as schools have grabbed a larger and larger share of total property taxes. In Scranton, for example, schools today get 58 cents of every real-estate-tax dollar collected inside the city. In recent years the city has raised land taxes so high that they amount to $3.76 for each $1 of taxes on buildings. But school and county taxes reduce the overall ratio to only $1.77 of land taxes for each $1 of building taxes.

A few Pennsylvania lawmakers have been struggling unsuccessfully for several years to get the legislature to broaden the split-tax law to include counties and school districts. Of this impasse, John M. Kelly, a lanky, white-thatched Scranton real estate broker who is among his area's most effective advocates of higher land taxes, observes wryly: "The more logical an idea, the less likely it is to survive in a U.S. legislature."

The current phase of rising land taxes began after Pittsburgh, Scranton, and McKeesport got home-rule charters in the early 1970s enabling them to set any mix of tax rates they liked. Harrisburg and New Castle acted under another state law. The differential tax rates helped foster a spurt in construction and development or, as in New Castle (pop. 33,400), helped minimize a decline in such activity. Most cities in western Pennsylvania have been clobbered by the depression in the steel industry, but construction hasn't declined nearly as much in New Castle as it has in neighboring Sharon and Butler.

Pittsburgh raised its tax rate on land from 4.95% to 9.85% of assessed valuation in 1979, while leaving the rate on buildings at 2.475%. New construction, measured by the dollar value of building permits issued, rose 14% as compared with the 1977-78 average. In 1980 the city widened the differential still more, to a tax rate of 12.55% on land vs. the 2.475% building rate, a ratio of 5.07 to (With Allegheny County and school tax added in, the final ratio was 2.99 to 1.) Construction in 1980 leaped 212% above t 1977-78 average, reflecting groundbreaking for a new crop of office skyscrapers that giving the city its so-called second renaissance (the first came in the 1950s with t redevelopment of the Golden Triangle). The adoption in 1980 of three-year tax exemptions on all new buildings -- but not the land -- also boosted construction. In 1981 construction peaked at nearly six times the 1977-78 rate.

Some of the dozen new office towers that have gone up in Pittsburgh would have been built with or without tax concessions; downtown office space had been growing scarce. But the widening differential between the taxes on buildings and land undoubtedly helped. It cut the annual bill for owners of some skyscrapers by more than $500,000 year when compared with conventional 1-to-1 ratio taxation.

THE INCREASES in land taxes have drawn some opposition in Pittsburgh. Mayor Richard S. Caliguiri, Democrat who took office in 1977 has declared himself a foe of the higher levies. "I don't see where they help all," he says. For 1979 and 1980 he proposed raising the city's tax on wages instead of boosting land taxes, but was overridden by the city council. The tax rates for 1982 rose to 13.3% on land and 3.2% on buildings. Last year Caliguiri allowed a further increase the land tax to 15.15%, accompanied by small decrease in the building tax to 2.7%.

In contrast, the mayor of Scranton, rotund James B. McNulty, proposed last fall that his city move all the way to full land-value taxation and eliminate taxes on buildings altogether. Scranton's tax rates have been 9.6% on land and 2.55% on buildings since 1980. Despite his conviction that taxing building at the present rate deters development and redevelopment, McNulty quickly put his proposal on hold. Downtown merchants angrily complained that the change would be unfair because of the real estate assessments on which property taxes are calculated. The assessments, set by Lackawanna County, are decades out of date. As a result, the City's only surviving downtown department store, The Globe, pays 222 times as much tax per square foot of land as the newer Viewmont Mall, which straddles the City border on the northwest edge of town. The Globe's downtown land has an assessed value of $26.66 per square foot, while city land beneath mall, which includes Sears and J.C. Penney stores, has an assessed value of just 12 cents per square foot.

ERRATIC AND UNFAIR property assessments, endemic across the U.S., are particularly egregious in the Keystone State. The U.S. Census Bureau ranks Pennsylvania 49th in assessment accuracy among the 50 states (ahead of Montana). Scranton's assessments are even poorer than most in Pennsylvania. Calculations by researcher Roger Downing at Pennsylvania State University show that in 1981 the average assessment in Lackawanna County missed the intended percentage of market value by 49.9%.

McKeesport (pop. 31,000), 12 miles up the Monongahela River from Pittsburgh, was on the verge of municipal bankruptcy in 1980 when it switched to split-rate real estate taxation and increased its property-tax revenues by more than 50%. The city raised taxes on land from 2.45% to 9% of assessed value, but cut taxes on existing buildings from 2.45% to 2% and granted a three-year tax exemption to all new construction. Neighboring Clairton (pop. 12,200) and Duquesne (pop. 10,100), where steel is also the main industry, left their 1-to-1 real estate tax alone. Compared with the annual average for 1977-79, the dollar value of construction in McKeesport rose by 38% in 1980-82. Clairton suffered a 28% decline, Duquesne a 22% decline.

Steven Cord argues that the Pennsylvania statistics make a compelling case for Georgist tax theory. And they are bolstered says, by studies that found similar increases in construction and jobs after more 1,000 localities in Australia and 300 in South Africa lifted taxes on land. Adds Congressman Coyne: "Our differential tax may provide a vital key to the paramount issue of day: how to put idle people and idle plants back to work."

Businessmen understandably recoil at suggestion of tax reform. At the state and local level, "reform" has become virtually synonymous with tax increases. Real estate taxes in particular have grown increasingly unpopular in recent years, and genuine reform remains elusive because people prefer the devil they know to the devil they do understand. But higher land taxes, especially when accompanied by reduced taxes structures, look like an idea businessmen ought to embrace and promote. The benefits in the form of more jobs and increasingly compact development are not only lasting but flow to the whole community.