Consequences of a Growing National Debt
Henry George
[Reprinted from The Standard, 11 February,
1888]
An interesting paper upon the credit system was read at the recent
meeting of the national board of trade at Cincinnati by J . A. Price,
president of the board of trade of Scranton, Pa. The ever increasing
national debts of Europe he estimates at $22,500,000,000, imposing
upon its people an annual interest charge of some $800,000,000, and in
addition to this there are railway, municipal and commercial debts and
mortgages to an amount that can hardly be estimated. Of the volume of
indebtedness in this country he makes the following estimate:
[table showing various sources of debt]
Aggregate $27,969,247,048 [public and private debt combined]
Estimating our population at 60,000,000, this would be some $465 for
every man, woman and child in the United States, or over $2,000 for
every head of a family. Some of the items in this estimate are of
course mere guesses, and some of the debts included are of course
offset and canceled by others; but whatever deductions can on these
accounts be made, the result is sufficiently startling. The civilized
world-and our own country not last in the race-is rushing forward into
a sea of indebtedness that must finally submerge in general bankruptcy
and repudiation.
Colonel Price advocates the abolition of all laws for the collection
of private debts, and in this he is unquestionably right . There is no
more reason why the state should lend its machinery of constables,
sheriffs and courts-still less as is to a certain extent yet the case
in New York, its prisons-to the collection of the debts of the
individual , than that it should undertake to black his boots in the
morning or tuck him into bed at night . The abolition of all laws for
the collection of private debts would not only free our judicial
machinery from a clogging mass of business which to a large degree
prevents its performance of proper functions, but it would
unquestionably lead to a far higher standard of personal and
commercial morality, since character would then be the prime element
in credit . If it lessened, as it undoubtedly would, the use of credit
in commercial transactions, the result would be to put business upon a
far more sound and stable foundation and to lessen the intensity of
those commercial fluctuations in which periods of stagnation follow
periods of speculation. The curse of credit as a flux of exchanges is
that it expands when there is a tendency to speculation and sharply
contracts just when most needed to assure confidence and prevent
industrial waste.
The enormous figures that Colonel Price presents are also extremely
suggestive in other ways. For instance, they are worthy of the
attention of those who incline to the belief that it is capital that
opposes labor, and that before labor can get its fair reward interest
must in some way be abolished. The greater part of this vast volume of
indebtedness passes as capital, and on nearly all of it payments
having the semblance of true interest are regularly made. Yet the
world-wide proclamation of a Jewish jubilee would at the blast of a
trumpet sweep away this whole vast mass of indebtedness without the
lessening by a single iota the wealth of the world. Nor, for the most
part , does this volume of debt represent any ownership of real and
existing capital . The mortgages, for instance, in greater part , do
not represent capital loaned to the users of land, but mere rent
charges-payments which the users of land have been compelled to agree
to make to land owners as a condition of being permitted to use land.
An eastern speculator or a foreign investor gets hold of a tract of
western land, cuts it up into farms and sells it out to settlers on
mortgage, or a tract of land near a city is cut up and sold in the
same way. The seller gets obligations which are counted as capital and
receives payments which are termed interest. But there has been in
reality no production or transfer of capital , and the payments are in
reality not interest for the use of capital , but blackmail for the
use of land. So railway indebtednesses really represents in large
degree, not capital invested in making railways, but what is
suggestively termed "water, " and the interest they bear is
not payment for the use of capital , but is a monopolistic blackmail
upon the public.
As for the gigantic public debts, they represent capital only so far
as there are public improvements to show for them. What they do, for
the most part , as a matter of fact, represent , is either sheer
public plunder , or capital and labor destroyed and wasted in war or
preparations for war . Our own national debt, incurred during the war
for the maintenance of the Union, is unquestionably the best and
fairest of them all. But it does not represent , as is often assumed,
wealth borrowed of foreign nations or of the future for the carrying
on of the war . As a matter of fact we did not during the war increase
our obligations to foreign nations much, if any, and it is as clearly
a physical impossibility to borrow wealth from the future to carry on
a war , as it is to get men still unborn to fight in it. The wealth
that was used and destroyed in our civil war was that then and there
existed. The carrying on of war by means of public debts, which is
probably the most injurious and anti-civilizing of all injurious
modern inventions, is not a device for spreading the cost of present
expenditures over future time, but a device by which governments may
obtain wealth from the classes who have wealth to spare, without
exciting their opposition-since it gives them in return a mortgage
upon the labor of the future. The United States might have come
through the war without a penny of public debt if the government had
taken wealth from its possessors as ruthlessly as it took men. Whether
the wealthy classes would have submitted to this is quite another
question.
But it is instructive at least to consider how different would have
been the existing distribution of wealth if we had done so. And ever
since the war our whole financial policy seems to have been steadily
directed to making the taxation for the fulfillment of the obligations
then given as onerous as possible. Where we borrowed forty, fifty and
sixty cents, we have paid one hundred and even one hundred and twenty
cents, with money wrung from the people by the most onerous systems of
taxation-systems of taxation purposely devised to fatten monopoly and
make the rich richer. We have paid off non-interest bearing debt in
preference to interest bearing debt , and by means of the national
banking system we have permitted the holders of a large part of the
public debt to enjoy the principal while they draw the interest . By
the national banking system the banker was allowed to draw from the
government $80,000 in money for every $100,000 in bonds he deposited,
and then to draw interest on the whole $100,000. This proportion was
subsequently increased to ninety per cent , and now a bill is pending
in congress to allow the national banks a dollar in money for every
dollar in bonds they deposit, while paying them full interest on the
dollar. And not contented with this, and as though from the mere
desire of paying as much interest as possible, and making the
redemption of our public debt as slow as possible, we are actually
buying up enormous amounts of silver, for which we have no more use
than for so many tons of cobble stones, and storing it away in vaults.
Secretary Fairchild sees the absurdity of coining silver thus to stow
it away, and proposes instead that it shall be stowed away in bars.
But why not leave the silver in the ore and the ore in the ground?
That would be a far greater economy. As for the silver notes, that
would be just as useful and just as readily taken if they promised to
pay silver yet to be mined and refined, or if instead of promising to
pay anything at all , they were simply made receivable for public
dues.
But it is only when we come to think of the public debts of Europe
that we realize the full importance of Thomas Jefferson's idea that no
generation can have the right to bind a future generation, and that
every nineteenth year ought to be a year of jubilee, in which all
public debt should be declared off. Were mankind agreed upon this, the
enormous armaments of Europe would be impossible, and there is not a
throne in Europe that would not crumble into dust. Colonel Price has
opened a fruitful subject in calling the attention of the national
board of trade to this matter of growing indebtedness.
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