The Correspondence of Thomas Jefferson
By Subject
FRANKLIN, BENJAMIN / REFLECTIONS REGARDING
Yours of November the 8th has been some time received; but it is in
my power to give little satisfaction as to its inquiries. Dr. Franklin
had many political enemies, as every character must, which, with
decision enough to have opinions, has energy and talent to give them
effect on the feelings of the adversary opinion. These enmities were
chiefly in Pennsylvania and Massachusetts. In the former, they were
merely of the proprietary party. In the latter, they did not commence
till the Revolution, and then sprung chiefly from personal
animosities, which spreading by little and little, became at length of
some extent. Dr. Lee was his principal calumniator, a man of much
malignity, who, besides enlisting his whole family in the same
hostility, was enabled, as the agent of Massachusetts with the British
government, to infuse it into that State with considerable effect. Mr.
Izard, the Doctor's enemy also, but from a pecuniary transaction,
never countenanced these charges against him. Mr. Jay, Silas Deane,
Mr. Laurens, his colleagues also, ever maintained towards him
unlimited confidence and respect. That he would have waived the formal
recognition of our independence, I never heard on any authority worthy
notice. As to the fisheries, England was urgent to retain them
exclusively, France neutral, and I believe, that had they been
ultimately made a
sine qua non, our commissioners (Mr. Adams excepted) would
have relinquished them, rather than have broken off the treaty. To Mr.
Adams' perseverance alone, on that point, I have always understood we
were indebted for their reservation. As to the charge of subservience
to France, besides the evidence of his friendly colleagues before
named, two years of my own service with him at Paris, daily visits,
and the most friendly and confidential conversation, convince me it
had not a shadow of foundation. He possessed the confidence of that
government in the highest degree, insomuch, that it may truly be said,
that they were more under his influence, than he under theirs. The
fact is, that his temper was so amiable and conciliatory, his conduct
so rational, never urging impossibilities, or even things unreasonably
inconvenient to them, in short, so moderate and attentive to their
difficulties, as well as our own, that what his enemies called
subserviency, I saw was only that reasonable disposition, which,
sensible that advantages are not all to be on one side, yielding what
is just and liberal, is the more certain of obtaining liberality and
justice. Mutual confidence produces, of course, mutual influence, and
this was all which subsisted between Dr. Franklin and the government
of France.
I state a few anecdotes of Dr. Franklin, within my own knowledge, too
much in detail for the scale of Delaplaine's work.
Our revolutionary process, as is well known, commenced by petitions,
memorials, remonstrances, etc., from the old Congress. These were
followed by a non-importation agreement, as a pacific instrument of
coercion. While that was before us, and sundry exceptions, as of arms;
ammunition, etc., were moved from different quarters of the house, I
was sitting by Dr. Franklin and observed to him that I thought we
should except books; that we ought not to exclude science, even coming
from an enemy. He thought so too, and I proposed the exception, which
was agreed to. Soon after it occurred that medicine should be
excepted, and I suggested that also to the Doctor. "As to that,"
said he, "I will tell you a story. When I was in London, in such
a year, there was a weekly club of physicians, of which Sir John
Pringle was president, and I was invited by my friend Dr. Fothergill
to attend when convenient. Their rule was to propose a thesis one week
and discuss it the next. I happened there when the question to be
considered was whether physicians had, on the whole, done most good or
harm? The young members, particularly, having discussed it very
learnedly and eloquently till the subject was exhausted, one of them
observed to Sir John Pringle, that although it was not usual for the
President to take part in a debate; yet they were desirous to know his
opinion on the question. He said they must first tell him whether,
under the appellation of physicians, they meant to include old
'women, if they did he thought they had done more good than harm,
otherwise more harm than good." ...
When Dr. Franklin went to France, on his revolutionary mission, his
eminence as a philosopher, his venerable appearance, and the cause on
which he was sent, rendered him extremely popular. For all ranks and
conditions of men there, entered warmly into the American interest. He
was, therefore, feasted and invited into all the court parties. At
these he sometimes met the old Duchess of Bourbon, who, being a chess
player of about his force, they very generally played together.
Happening once to put her king into prize, the Doctor took it. "Ah,"
said she, "we do not take kings so." "We do in America,"
said the Doctor.
At one of these parties the Emperor Joseph III, then at Paris,
incog., under the title of Count Falkenstein, was overlooking the game
in silence, while the company was engaged in animated conversations on
the American question. "How happens it, M. Te Comte," said
the Duchess, "that while we all feel so much interest in the
cause of the Americans, you say nothing for them?" "I am a
king by trade," said he.
When the Declaration of Independence was under the consideration of
Congress, there were two or three unlucky expressions in it which gave
offence to some members. The words "Scotch and other foreign
auxiliaries" excited the ire of a gentleman or two of that
country. Severe strictures on the conduct of the British king, in
negotiating our repeated repeals of the law which permitted the
importation of slaves, were disapproved by some Southern gentlemen,
whose reflections were not yet matured to the full abhorrence of that
traffic. Although the offensive expressions were immediately yielded
these gentlemen continued their depredations on other parts of the
instrument. I was sitting by Dr. Franklin, who perceived that I was
not insensible to these mutilations. "I have made it a rule,"
said he, "whenever in my power, to avoid becoming the draughtsman
of papers to be reviewed by a public body. I took my lesson from an
incident which I will relate to you. When I was a journeyman printer,
one of my companions, an apprentice hatter, having served out his
time, was about to open shop for himself. His first concern was to
have a handsome signboard, with a proper inscription. He composed it
in these words, 'John Thompson, Hatter, makes and sells
hats for ready money,' with a figure of a hat subjoined; but he
thought he would submit it to his friends for their amendments. The
first he showed it to thought the word 'Hatter' tautologous,
because followed by the words 'makes hats,' which show he was a
hatter. It was struck oat. The next observed that the word 'makes'
might as well be omitted, because his customers would not care who
made the hats. If good and to their mind, they would buy, by
whomsoever made. He struck it out. A third said he thought the words
'for ready money' were useless, as it was not the custom of
the place to sell on credit. Every one who purchased expected to pay.
They were parted with, and the inscription now stood, 'John Thompson
sells hats.' 'Sells bats!' says his next friend. Why nobody
will expect you to give them away, what then is the use of that word?
It was stricken out, and 'bats' followed it, the rather as
there was one painted on the board. So the inscription was reduced
ultimately to 'John Thompson' with the figure of a hat subjoined."
The Doctor and Silas Deane were in conversation one day at Passy, on
the numerous errors in the Abbe's Histoire des deux Indes,
when he happened to step in. After the usual salutations, Silas Deane
said to him, "The Doctor and myself, Abbe', were just speaking of
the errors of fact into which you have been led in your history."
"Oh, no Sir," said the Abbe', "that is impossible. I
took the greatest care not to insert a single fact, for which I had
not the most unquestionable authority." "Why," says
Deane, "there is the story of Polly Baker, and the eloquent
apology you have put into her mouth, when brought before a court of
Massachusetts to suffer punishment under a law which you cite, for
having had a bastard. I know there never was such a law in
Massachusetts." "Be assured," said the Abbe', "you
are mistaken, and that that is a true story. I do not immediately
recollect indeed the particular information on which I quote it; but I
am certain that I had for it unquestionable authority." Doctor
Franklin, who had been for some time shaking with unrestrained
laughter at the Abbe's confidence in his authority for that tale,
said, "I will tell you, Abbe', the origin of that story. When I
was a pninter and editor of a newspaper, we were sometimes slack of
news, and to amuse our customers, I used to fill up our vacant columns
with anecdotes and fables, and fancies of my own, and this of Polly
Baker is a story of my making, on one of these occasions." The
Abbe', without the least disconcert, exclaimed with a laugh, "Oh,
very well, Doctor, I had rather relate your stories than other men's
truths.
to Robert Walsh, 4 December 1818
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